(A) Shivalik Hills and Gangetic Plains,

(B) Central India and Eastern Ghats,

(C) Western Ghats, and

(D) North East Hills and Brahmaputra Floodplains.

The report not only presents current population status but also explores ungulate ecology, spatial distribution, and habitat suitability across these landscapes. By integrating prey dynamics with habitat conditions, it offers critical insights to guide evidence-based management and long-term conservation strategies for both ungulates and apex predators like the tiger across India's diverse ecosystems.

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